Apa Beza World Bank dengan IMF? Siapa Kendalikan Kedua-duanya?
Saya baca hujah seorang tukang komen membidas kiriman blog pencacai yang menyokong Che Det dan mengaitkan DSAI dengan IMF. Tukang komen itu ada menyelitkan artikel seperti yang dipaparkan di bawah ini::
Apa beza World Bank dengan IMF?
...If you have difficulty distinguishing the World Bank from the International Monetary Fund, you are not alone. Most people have only the vaguest idea of what these institutions do, and very few people indeed could, if pressed on the point, say why and how they differ. Even John Maynard Keynes, a founding father of the two institutions and considered by many the most brilliant economist of the twentieth century, admitted at the inaugural meeting of the International Monetary Fund that he was confused by the names: he thought the Fund should be called a bank, and the Bank should be called a fund. Confusion has reigned ever since.
Known collectively as the Bretton Woods Institutions after the remote village in New Hampshire, U.S.A., where they were founded by the delegates of 44 nations in July 1944, the Bank and the IMF are twin intergovernmental pillars supporting the structure of the world's economic and financial order. That there are two pillars rather than one is no accident. The international community was consciously trying to establish a division of labor in setting up the two agencies. Those who deal professionally with the IMF and Bank find them categorically distinct. To the rest of the world, the niceties of the division of labor are even more mysterious than are the activities of the two institutions.
Baca lanjut di sini: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/exrp/differ/differ.htm
Siapa kendalikan IMF dan World Bank?
Who are the people really running
the IMF and World Bank?
How do they get their money?
And what's the difference
between the two institutions?
....So the people running the IMF and the World Bank are the same folks who run the U.S. government and the governments of its closest allies.
Bank will not loan to a country, international banks certainly won't. As a result, the IMF and the World Bank have great power, and are able to insist that governments adopt certain policies as a condition for receiving funds....
Baca terus di sini: http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/IMF_WB/WhoAreThePeople.html
the IMF and World Bank?
How do they get their money?
And what's the difference
between the two institutions?
....So the people running the IMF and the World Bank are the same folks who run the U.S. government and the governments of its closest allies.
Bank will not loan to a country, international banks certainly won't. As a result, the IMF and the World Bank have great power, and are able to insist that governments adopt certain policies as a condition for receiving funds....
Baca terus di sini: http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/IMF_WB/WhoAreThePeople.html
P/s: Rupa-rupanya IMF dan World Bank sekapal.
Modal dalam blog pro-UMCO sekarang ialah DSAI mahu menerima pakej bantuan IMF, dan Malaysia pula hanya membuat pinjaman untuk infrastruktur, sosial dan sebagainya, bukannya pakej bantuan ekonomi. Jadi bagaimana dengan pinjaman ini: "Malaysia Economic Recovery and Social Sector Loan"? Jika semasa Anwar menjadi Menteri Kewangan, Malaysia ada membuat pinjaman di World Bank, siapa yang mengarahkan beliau dan memberikan lampu hijau untuk berbuat demikian jika bukan Che Det sebagai PM. Mana mungkin Anwar bertindak sendirian tanpa persetujuan dan desakan Kabinet.
Tentang cerita IMF-Anwar, rasanya banyak pembaca tidak tahu hal yang sebenar. Seingat kita, isu IMF, ejen asing ini timbul dulu pun untuk menguatkan alasan Che Det memecat Anwar sebagai TPM selain fitnah liwat. Kalau Che Det minta surat, jurublog UMCO juga seharusnya menyiarkan surat yang dapat mengaitkan Anwar dengan IMF.
Modal dalam blog pro-UMCO sekarang ialah DSAI mahu menerima pakej bantuan IMF, dan Malaysia pula hanya membuat pinjaman untuk infrastruktur, sosial dan sebagainya, bukannya pakej bantuan ekonomi. Jadi bagaimana dengan pinjaman ini: "Malaysia Economic Recovery and Social Sector Loan"? Jika semasa Anwar menjadi Menteri Kewangan, Malaysia ada membuat pinjaman di World Bank, siapa yang mengarahkan beliau dan memberikan lampu hijau untuk berbuat demikian jika bukan Che Det sebagai PM. Mana mungkin Anwar bertindak sendirian tanpa persetujuan dan desakan Kabinet.
Tentang cerita IMF-Anwar, rasanya banyak pembaca tidak tahu hal yang sebenar. Seingat kita, isu IMF, ejen asing ini timbul dulu pun untuk menguatkan alasan Che Det memecat Anwar sebagai TPM selain fitnah liwat. Kalau Che Det minta surat, jurublog UMCO juga seharusnya menyiarkan surat yang dapat mengaitkan Anwar dengan IMF.
Walaupun Anwar dituduh mahu menerima pakej bantuan IMF, manakala Che Det enggan menerima pakej bantuan IMF yang didakwa boleh menyebabkan negara tergadai, namun saya gerun melihat hutang negara di bawah pentadbiran Najib seperti tertera pada gambar di bawah ini:
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Catatan
Kawe ade baca, tapi kawe x paham klausa berikut
Purposes
At Bretton Woods the international community assigned to the World Bank the aims implied in its formal name, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), giving it primary responsibility for financing economic development. The Bank's first loans were extended during the late 1940s to finance the reconstruction of the war-ravaged economies of Western Europe. When these nations recovered some measure of economic self-sufficiency, the Bank turned its attention to assisting the world's poorer nations, known as developing countries, to which it has since the 1940s loaned more than $330 billion. The World Bank has one central purpose: to promote economic and social progress in developing countries by helping to raise productivity so that their people may live a better and fuller life.
The international community assigned to the IMF a different purpose. In establishing the IMF, the world community was reacting to the unresolved financial problems instrumental in initiating and protracting the Great Depression of the 1930s: sudden, unpredictable variations in the exchange values of national currencies and a widespread disinclination among governments to allow their national currency to be exchanged for foreign currency. Set up as a voluntary and cooperative institution, the IMF attracts to its membership nations that are prepared, in a spirit of enlightened self-interest, to relinquish some measure of national sovereignty by abjuring practices injurious to the economic well-being of their fellow member nations. The rules of the institution, contained in the IMF's Articles of Agreement signed by all members, constitute a code of conduct. The code is simple: it requires members to allow their currency to be exchanged for foreign currencies freely and without restriction, to keep the IMF informed of changes they contemplate in financial and monetary policies that will affect fellow members' economies, and, to the extent possible, to modify these policies on the advice of the IMF to accommodate the needs of the entire membership. To help nations abide by the code of conduct, the IMF administers a pool of money from which members can borrow when they are in trouble. The IMF is not, however, primarily a lending institution as is the Bank. It is first and foremost an overseer of its members' monetary and exchange rate policies and a guardian of the code of conduct. Philosophically committed to the orderly and stable growth of the world economy, the IMF is an enemy of surprise. It receives frequent reports on members' economic policies and prospects, which it debates, comments on, and communicates to the entire membership so that other members may respond in full knowledge of the facts and a clear understanding of how their own domestic policies may affect other countries. The IMF is convinced that a fundamental condition for international prosperity is an orderly monetary system that will encourage trade, create jobs, expand economic activity, and raise living standards throughout the world. By its constitution the IMF is required to oversee and maintain this system, no more and no less.
Boleh DCM huraikan lebih lanjut tentang purpose World bank dan IMF